Virtualization and Containers

VMs vs containers

• VM: virtualized hardware with separate guest OS kernels.
• Container: process-level isolation sharing host kernel.
• Containers start faster and are lighter; VMs provide stronger isolation boundaries.

Containerized process example

docker run --name demo-nginx -p 8080:80 nginx:stable
# Starts Nginx in an isolated container namespace

docker ps
docker stop demo-nginx