File Systems and Storage Layout

How file systems organize data

• Metadata: filename, size, permissions, timestamps.
• Inodes (or equivalent) map file metadata to data blocks.
• Directories map human-readable names to file records.
• Journaling improves crash recovery consistency.

Directory and inode inspection

ls -li notes.txt
# First column is inode number

stat notes.txt
# Shows size, blocks, permissions, and timestamps