Social Science · Class 11
Geography: Fundamentals
Learn Geography: Fundamentals with notes, examples, and practice questions.
4 sections15–25 min read6 MCQs · 2 examples
Chapter Overview
Fundamentals of Physical Geography covers origin of Earth, geomorphic processes, rocks, minerals, landforms, and the forces that shape the planet's surface — foundation for Class 11 geography.
Earth and Geodesy
- Earth's interior — crust, mantle, core
- Plate tectonics — continental drift
- Earthquakes and volcanoes at plate boundaries
- Rocks: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
Geomorphic Processes
- Endogenic: tectonic forces, folding, faulting
- Exogenic: weathering, erosion, deposition
- Rivers, wind, glaciers, waves shape landforms
- Cycle of erosion changes relief over time
Landforms
- Mountains, plateaus, plains — formation types
- Karst topography — limestone regions
- Delta, estuary, canyon, alluvial fan
- Soil formation from parent rock and climate
Solved Examples
Step-by-step solutions — read each step before checking the final answer.
Plate tectonics
Why do earthquakes occur at plate boundaries?
- 1Plates move and collide or slide
- 2Stress released as seismic waves
Answer
Tectonic plate movement releases energy
Rock types
How is metamorphic rock formed?
- 1Existing rock changed by heat and pressure
- 2Example: limestone to marble
Answer
Heat and pressure transform existing rock
Key Points to Remember
- ✓ Earth's surface constantly changes
- ✓ Endogenic forces build relief; exogenic wear it down
- ✓ Plate tectonics explains continents and oceans
- ✓ Rocks and minerals are resource base
Exam Tips
- • Draw rock cycle diagram
- • Difference weathering and erosion
- • Types of plate boundaries
Practice MCQs — Geography: Fundamentals
Test your understanding with topic-wise multiple choice questions. Explanations appear after each answer.
Question 1 of 6Score: 0/0
Earth's outer layer is: